Radhika Nanda

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11. What are Linux file permissions and how do you modify them? Linux file permissions control access to files and directories using three levels: User (owner) : Permissions for the file owner Group : Permissions for members of the file's group Others : Permissions for all other users Three permission types: r (read): 4 w (write): 2 x (execute): 1 Modify permissions using: chmod 755 filename # rwxr-xr-x chmod u+x script.sh # Add execute for owner chmod g-w file.txt # Remove write for group View permissions with ls -l . Special permissions include: SetUID (4000): Execute as owner SetGID (2000): Execute as group Sticky bit (1000): Restrict file deletion 12. Explain the use of grep , awk , and sed with examples. These are powerful text...

Top 8 Linux & Shell Scripting Viva Questions | Computer Engineering Top 20 Viva Questions on Linux & Shell Scripting For Computer Engineering Students - Bharat College of Engineering (Mumbai University) 1. What is the purpose of the forward command in Linux? The forward command typically refers to port forwarding or email forwarding in Linux systems. For network port forwarding, commands like ssh -L or iptables are used to redirect traffic between ports. Email forwarding is configured using .forward files in user directories or through mail server configurations like Postfix. This functionality is crucial for server administration and remote access scenarios. Network administrators use forwarding to expose services securely. Common applications include accessing databases behind firewalls or redirecting web traffic. Always ensure proper authentication when setting up forwarding rules. Security risks like open relay...

Top 20 Viva Questions and Answers on Page Fault, Segmentation, Fragmentation, and Paging Top 20 Viva Questions and Answers on Page Fault, Segmentation, Fragmentation, and Paging Are you preparing for your Operating Systems viva? This article covers the top 20 frequently asked questions about Page Fault , Segmentation , Fragmentation , and Paging . Each answer is explained clearly in about 10 lines to help you grasp the concept better. Let's get started! 1. What is a page fault? A page fault occurs when a program tries to access a page not currently in the main memory. The operating system must bring the required page from secondary storage into RAM. This process causes a delay in program execution. Page faults are common in systems that use virtual memory. There are two types: minor and major faults. A minor fault is handled quickly if the page is already in memory. A major fault requires loading from disk, taking more time. Frequent page faults can degrade system ...

Top 10 Deadlock Viva Questions and Answers in Operating System 1. What is a deadlock in an operating system? A deadlock is a situation in an operating system where two or more processes are unable to proceed because each is waiting for the other to release resources. This results in a complete standstill where no process can complete its execution. 2. What are the necessary conditions for a deadlock to occur? Four necessary conditions must hold simultaneously for a deadlock to occur: Mutual Exclusion: At least one resource must be held in a non-shareable mode. Hold and Wait: A process holding one resource is waiting to acquire additional resources. No Preemption: Resources cannot be forcibly taken away from a process. Circular Wait: A set of processes are waiting for each other in a circular chain. 3. How can deadlocks be prevented? Deadlocks can be prevented by ensuring that at least one of the necessary conditions does not hold. Techniques include resource orde...

1. What is an Operating System? An Operating System (OS) is system software that acts as a bridge between users and computer hardware. It manages hardware resources and provides services to application software. An OS handles tasks like memory management, process scheduling, and device control. It ensures that programs and users can run smoothly without interfering with each other. Examples include Windows, Linux, macOS, and Android. The OS also provides a user interface, either graphical (GUI) or command-line (CLI). Without an OS, a computer would be unusable. It organizes files, maintains security, and manages system performance. In short, the OS is the heart of any computing device. 2. What are the main functions of an Operating System? The primary functions of an Operating System are process management, memory management, file system management, and device management. It ensures efficient execution of processes by scheduling CPU time. Memory management keeps track of ea...

1. What is an Operating System? An Operating System (OS) is system software that acts as a bridge between users and computer hardware. It manages hardware resources and provides services to application software. An OS handles tasks like memory management, process scheduling, and device control. It ensures that programs and users can run smoothly without interfering with each other. Examples include Windows, Linux, macOS, and Android. The OS also provides a user interface, either graphical (GUI) or command-line (CLI). Without an OS, a computer would be unusable. It organizes files, maintains security, and manages system performance. In short, the OS is the heart of any computing device. 2. What are the main functions of an Operating System? The primary functions of an Operating System are process management, memory management, file system management, and device management. It ensures efficient execution of processes by scheduling CPU time. Memory management keeps track of ea...

Beyond Basic Recommendations: How AI is Creating Smarter Personalization in 2025 Beyond Basic Recommendations: How AI is Creating Smarter Personalization in 2024 Key Insight: Modern recommendation systems are evolving from simple "users also bought" suggestions to sophisticated AI models that understand your behavior patterns, timing preferences, and contextual needs. The Limitations of Traditional Recommendation Engines For years, e-commerce platforms and streaming services have relied on three basic approaches: Collaborative filtering ("People like you enjoyed this") Content-based filtering ("This resembles what you've liked before") Hybrid models (Combining both approaches) While these methods work, they suffer from critical blind spots: ❌ The "One-Time Purchase" problem - Recommending wedding items after someone already got married ❌ The "Single Interest...

Content-Based Filtering: The Ultimate Guide Content-Based Filtering: The Complete Guide Real-world magic: When Spotify recommends songs with similar beats to your favorite tracks, or Netflix suggests movies with the same director as films you've watched, they're using content-based filtering - the "more like this" approach to recommendations. What is Content-Based Filtering? Content-based filtering is a recommendation technique that suggests items similar to those a user has liked in the past, based on the features or attributes of the items themselves. Unlike collaborative filtering (which relies on user behavior patterns), it focuses solely on item characteristics and user preferences. How It Works: Core Concept The system builds a profile for each item (e.g., movie, product, song) and a preference profile for each user. Recommendations are made by matching item profiles to user profiles. Types of Content-Based Fi...

Recommendation Systems: History, Functions & Applications The Complete Guide to Recommendation Systems Did you know? 35% of Amazon's revenue comes from its recommendation engine, and 75% of what users watch on Netflix is driven by recommendations. These systems quietly shape our digital experiences every day. What is a Recommendation System? A recommendation system is an AI-powered tool that analyzes user data to predict and suggest relevant items. Think of it as a digital concierge that learns your preferences to guide your choices. Core Functions of Recommendation Systems Personalization: Tailors suggestions to individual users Discovery: Helps users find new items they might like Decision Support: Reduces choice overload in large catalogs Engagement Boosting: Increases user interaction and time spent A Brief History of Recommendation Systems Year Milestone Impact ...

The Complete Guide to Recommendation Systems The Art and Science of Recommendation Systems Have you ever wondered how Netflix seems to know exactly what show you'd love to binge next? Or how Amazon suggests products that feel hand-picked just for you? That's the magic of recommendation systems - the invisible digital assistants that power our modern online experiences. What Are Recommendation Systems? At their core, recommendation systems are AI-powered filters that analyze your behavior and preferences to suggest relevant items. They're the digital equivalent of a knowledgeable friend saying, "If you liked that, you'll love this!" Real-world example: When Spotify creates your "Discover Weekly" playlist, it's using a recommendation system that analyzes your listening history, compares it with millions of other users, and finds songs you've never heard but will probably enjoy. Why Recommendation Systems Matter ...